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- r SCIENCE, Page 87Real Gone Neutrinos
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- An experiment in the U.S.S.R. shakes up the world of physics
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- Neutrinos are the phantoms of the subatomic world. They seem
- to have no mass, may travel at the speed of light and are
- virtually impossible to detect. According to the standard
- theories of physics, these exotic particles are produced by
- various nuclear reactions. Quadrillions of neutrinos from the
- sun bombard the earth every second, yet most of them pass right
- through the planet without causing so much as a ripple.
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- Since 1968 scientists have been monitoring huge detectors
- for signs of these fleeting visitors from the sun. But so far,
- the results have been both disappointing and intriguing: the
- experiments have detected far fewer neutrinos than solar models
- predicted. Scientists were especially baffled by a recent
- report from a Soviet-American research team that set up a
- detector to monitor neutrinos emitted by the fusion of hydrogen
- atoms, the sun's main reaction. After four months of operation
- near the Soviet town of Baksan, the experiment has yet to turn
- up a single solar neutrino.
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- The case of the missing solar neutrinos has stirred growing
- excitement in the physics world. There are three possibilities:
- the Baksan experiment is wildly wrong, scientists don't
- understand the sun as well as they thought they did, or
- scientists have underestimated the elusiveness of the neutrino.
- The answer to the mystery could have profound implications for
- physicists' understanding of the universe. Two eminent
- theorists, John Bahcall of the Institute for Advanced Study in
- Princeton, N.J., and Cornell University's Hans Bethe have
- co-authored a paper that elaborates on an intriguing solution
- to the puzzle: neutrinos escape detection by changing from one
- form into another. Says Bahcall: "Nature may be smarter than
- we thought."
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- Experimental evidence indicates that neutrinos come in three
- varieties: the electron neutrino, the muon neutrino and the tau
- neutrino. Solar fusion gives off the electron type. Bahcall and
- Bethe speculate that electron neutrinos change into the muon
- or tau versions somewhere between the sun and Earth. "It's as
- if they started out sweet," marvels Bethe, who won the Nobel
- Prize in 1967 for explaining how nuclear fusion powers the sun,
- "and then suddenly turned salty." Thus the Baksan experiment
- may have come up empty-handed because it was not designed to
- detect muon or tau neutrinos.
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- Finding any kind of neutrino is a neat trick. The Baksan
- detector consists of four tanks filled with 30 tons of the
- element gallium, which liquefies at about room temperature. If
- a solar neutrino of the right energy interacts with the
- material in the tanks, a feat of atomic alchemy will transmute
- some of the gallium into germanium, another metallic element.
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- First scientists must eliminate other sources of radiation
- that may trigger false signals in the gallium. (To shield the
- experiment from cosmic rays, the detectors are installed in an
- underground tunnel, beneath a mile of rock.) About the only
- thing harder than proving that solar neutrinos passed through
- the gallium-filled tanks is proving that they didn't.
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- If Bahcall and Bethe are right, neutrinos have long been
- misunderstood. For example, if one kind of neutrino can change
- into another, then these apparently massless particles must
- possess at least a tiny mass. That raises the possibility that
- the heaviest neutrinos might be weighty enough to account for
- the "dark matter" that is believed to make up 90% of the known
- universe. The composition of that matter is one of the great
- unanswered questions of physics. But before that theory can be
- pursued, the results of the Baksan experiment must be
- confirmed, so another gallium neutrino trap is starting up deep
- beneath the Italian Alps.
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- By J. Madeleine Nash/Chicago.
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